1. Advanced C

Architecture Of Simple Computer

• CPU
• Memory
• I/O controllers
• Executable Image contents
• Text/Code
• Data(Initialized and uninitialized)
• Heap
• Stack

Development tools and Environment

Compiler

• Compilation Stages
• Object file format

Linker

• Function of Linker
• Executable file format
• Executable file vs Executable Image in memory

Archive or Libray utility
Make utility
Debugger
Souce Code Control System (SCCS)

Project Environment development

• Module concept
• Interface functions
• Unit testing of module
• Test Driver
• Test Stub

Functions

• Definition, Declaration/prototype, Invocation
• Function type and return value
• Output parameters
• Pass by value and pass by reference
• Local variables
• Static variables
• Thread of execution(stack frames)
• Stdio functions
• Passing parameters to a C function from the assembly language
• Accessing the parameters from the C function from an assembly language

Pointers

• Pointers Vs Integers
• Pointer type
• Pointer de-reference
• Pointers and arrays
• Pointer arithmetic
• Array of pointers
• Pointers and Dynamic memory
• Function pointers

Arrays

• Valid Indexes to array
• Addresses of elements of array
• Initialization
• Using pointer as an array
• Strings
• Passing an array to a function
• Two-dimensional array initialization
• Two dimensional arrays and pointers

Structures

• Compound type
• Packing of elements within a structure
• Alignment and hole in the structure
• Structure pointers
• Accessing elements of a structure using structure pointers
• Dynamic allocation of memory for structures
• Self referential structures
• Passing structure parameters to functions
• Returning a structure or struct pointer by a function

Unions

• Differences between union and structure
• Uses of unions

Bit Operations

• Binary, Decimal and Hex conversions
• Logical versus Bit wise operations
• Masking a bit
• Testing a bit
• Setting a bit
• Testing a set of bits
• Setting a set of bits

Miscellaneous

• Big Endian and Little endian
• Ascii codes and file formats
• Interpreting the contens of a file
• As a text
• As a numbers (int,short,float or combination)
• As an image
• As a sound
• As CPU instructions

File Operations

• Storing structures in binary format
• Storing structures in ascii format

2.Essential Data Structures

Arrays

• Operations on arrays
• Strings

Linked Lists

• Single linked lists
• Operations on linked lists
• Double linked lists

Stacks

Queues

• Linear queues
• Circular queues

Search Techniques

• Linear search
• Binary search
• Hash based search

Packets or Messages

• Framing of messages
• Parsing of messages

File Formats

Mini Project in C

3.Linux System Programming

Introduction to Linux

• Process Management
• File Management
• Memory Management
• I/O management

Unix File I/O System Calls

• File descriptors
• File types
• Stdin, Stdout and Stderr File descriptors
• Link or Relationship between File Descriptor and File or device
• File descriptors of same file but from multiple processes
• Unix File I/O calls (unbuffered i/o)
• open, create, close, lseek, read, write, dup, dup2
• fcntl, ioctl
• File types, IDs and Access permissions

Standard I/0 Library Functions

• fopen,fread,fwrite,fclose,fseek
• Relationship between file descriptor and FILE pointer
• Character at a time I/O
• Line at a time I/O
• Formatted I/O

Reading and Writing Structures to Files

• In ascii format
• In Binary format
• Modifying a structure in the file

The Environment of a Unix Process

• How C program starts and terminates as process
• Memory layout of a C Program
• Main function, Command line arguments, Environment variables
• exit(), _exit() and atexit() functions

Process System Calls

• Process Identifiers
• fork, vfork, exit, wait, waitpid, execv

Initial Process Relationships

• Terminal Logins

Signals

• Signal Concepts
• Signal(), kill(), raise(), alarm() and pause()

Inter Process Communication

• Pipes
• FIFO (Named pipes)
• Message Queues
• Semaphores
• Shared Memory

Threads

• Multi-threaded programming
• Synchronization and Mutual exclusion for threads
• POSIX Semaphores

4.Network Programming

Introduction to Networking

• Need/Uses of Networking
• Network topologies
• LAN,MAN,WAN
• Typical media used in each
• Typical protocols used in each
• LAN Standards
• Ethernet, Token Ring, Token Bus, FDDI
• Ethernet Media (Thick, Thin, Twisted pair)
• WAN Standards
• Dial-up, Leased Line
• ISDN, DSL
• ATM
• Wireless

Network Protocol Layers

• Use of Layers
• OSI Protocol layers
• TCP/IP protocol layers

Socket Programming

• Concept of socket / socket pair
• Concept of Client and Server
• Concept connectionless and connection oriented protocols (UDP/TCP)
• Socket calls for UDP server and client
• Socket calls for TCP server and client
• Algorithms and Issues in Client software design
• Algorithms and Issues in Server software design
• Iterative, Connectionless Servers
• Iterative Connection-Oriented servers
• Concurrent, Connection-Oriented servers
• Serving multiple clients with a single process
• Serving multiple clients with one thread per client

UDP/TCP Applications

• TFTP
• SMTP
• HTTP

5.Embedded System Concepts

Introduction

• What is embedded system
• Embedded system Applications

Inside Embedded System

• Physical, Hardware Design, Programmer's view of hardware
• CPU
• Types of CPUs
• CPU Characteristics
• CPU Bus/Machine Cycles
• Memory
• Memory types
• CPU Memory interface
• I/O
• I/O controllers
• CPU I/O interface
• I/O methods/techniques
• Polled I/O or Programmed I/O
• Interrupt Support
• DMA Support
• Mixed techniques

Bus Concepts

• Why Bus is needed
• Backplane Buses
• VME Bus, Future Bus
• Motherboard Buses
• PCI Bus

Development Environment

• Host-Target Environment
• Cross compilers
• Downloading methods
• Serial, Ethernet, Floppy, ROM Emulators
• Target based debugging
• Debug Monitors
• Host based source level debugging

Programming I/O Controllers

• Digital I/O (Parallel port controller)
• Programmable Interval Timer (PIT)
• Programmable Interrupt controller (PIC)
• CMOS Clock
• Serial controller
• Ethernet controller

Embedded Applications (without RTOS)

• Command Line Interface (CLI)
• Drivers for the above programmable I/O controllers

6.Real-time Operating System

• Introduction to Real-time OS
• What is RTOS?
• Why RTOS is required?
• RTOS vs Linux
• Multi tasking
• Intertask Communication
• Intertask Synchronization & Mutual exclusion
• Interrupts
• I/O Subsystem, Serial driver and Ethernet driver
• Developing Applications using RTOS
• Mini project

7.TCP/IP Stack Internals

Internet Addresses

• IP Address
• Hardware Addresses
• Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast in IP and HW addresses
• Ethernet Frame format
• ARP

Internet Protocol

• Packet format
• Fragmentation and Re-assembly
• Routing

UDP

ICMP

TCP

• Timeout and Retransmission
• Flow control
• State machine
• Congestion control
• Silly window syndrome

Socket API Interface

8.Software Engineering

• Software Development Life Cycle
• Requirement Specification
• Design (High level and Detailed)
• Coding, Coding standards
• Unit testing, Unit test plan, Test drivers, test stubs
• Integration and System testing and their test plans
• Acceptance test plan

9.Major Project

Finally student will do a major project on network or wireless or telecom protocols using VxWorks or VxWorks like RTOS.